Building Performance Analysis

PIETER DE WILDE is Professor of Building Performance Analysis at Plymouth University, UK. His research interests are the design, construction and operation of buildings that perform as expected by all stakeholders. Educated at TU Delft in the Netherlands, he has over 20 years of experience with research projects that involve both building performance simulation and building monitoring. He serves on the Board of the International Building Performance Simulation Association (IBPSA) and the European Group for Intelligent Computing in Engineering (EG-ICE). Professor de Wilde is Fellow of IBPSA and CIBSE, and member of ASHRAE.

Endorsement by IBPSA ix Foreword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv Endorsements xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Building Performance: Framing, Key Terms and Definition 7 1.2 Performance in the Building Domain 14 1.2.1 Development of the Notion of Building Performance 15 1.2.2 History of Building Codes, Regulations and Rating Schemes 23 1.2.3 Selected Recent Developments in Building Performance 28 1.3 Outline of the Book 34 1.4 Reflections on Building Performance Analysis 37 1.5 Summary 38 1.6 Key References 41 Part I Foundation 43 2 Building Performance in Context 45 2.1 Building Life Cycle 47 2.2 Stakeholders 50 2.3 Building Systems 54 2.4 Building Performance Challenges 58 2.5 Building Performance Context in Current Practice 64 2.6 Reflections on the Complexity of the Context 67 2.7 Summary 68 2.8 Key References 70 3 Needs, Functions and Requirements 73 3.1 Requirement Specification 75 3.2 Requirement Types 83 3.3 Functional Requirements 86 3.4 Building Functions 90 3.5 Stakeholder World Views 96 3.6 Building Performance Requirements 99 3.7 Building Needs, Functions and Requirements in Current Practice 105 3.8 Reflections on Building Performance Requirements 109 3.9 Summary 111 3.10 Key References 114 Part II Assessment 117 4 Fundamentals of Building Performance 119 4.1 Performance: The Interface between Requirements and Systems 123 4.2 Quantifying Performance 128 4.3 Experimentation and Measurement 134 4.4 Building Performance Metrics, Indicators and Measures 140 4.4.1 Performance Metrics 141 4.4.2 Performance Indicators 144 4.4.3 Performance Measures 154 4.5 Handling and Combining Building Performance 157 4.6 Signs of Performance Issues 159 4.7 Building Performance in Current Practice 161 4.8 Reflections on Working with Building Performance 164 4.9 Summary 165 4.10 Key References 168 5 Performance Criteria 171 5.1 Goals, Targets and Ambitions 174 5.2 Benchmarks and Baselines 182 5.3 Constraints, Thresholds and Limits 189 5.4 Performance Categories and Bands 194 5.5 Criteria in Current Practice 196 5.6 Reflections on Performance Criteria 198 5.7 Summary 199 5.8 Key References 202 6 Performance Quantification 205 6.1 Physical Measurement 208 6.1.1 Selected Physical Measurements and Tests 209 6.1.2 Standards for Physical Measurement 228 6.2 Building Performance Simulation 234 6.2.1 Selected Building Simulation Tool Categories 239 6.2.2 Validation, Verification and Calibration 259 6.3 Expert Judgment 262 6.4 Stakeholder Evaluation 267 6.5 Measurement of Construction Process Performance 271 6.6 Building Performance Quantification in Current Practice 273 6.7 Reflections on Quantification Methods 275 6.8 Summary 276 6.9 Key References 279 7 Working with Building Performance 283 7.1 Examples: Selected Building Performance Analysis Cases 285 7.2 Criterion Development 293 7.3 Tool and Instrument Configuration 310 7.4 Iterative Analysis 313 7.5 Building Performance Analysis in Current Practice 314 7.6 Reflections on Working with Building Performance 318 7.7 Summary 319 7.8 Key References 321 Part III Impact 323 8 Design and Construction for Performance 325 8.1 Performance- Based Design 328 8.2 Performance- Based Design Decisions 343 8.2.1 Normative Decision Methods 350 8.2.2 Naturalistic Decision Making 353 8.2.3 Decision-Making Challenges 355 8.3 Tools for Performance-Based Design 356 8.4 Performance Visualization and Communication 369 8.5 Construction for Performance 374 8.6 Design and Construction for Performance Challenges 377 8.7 Reflections on Designing for Performance 379 8.8 Summary 381 8.9 Key References 383 9 Building Operation, Control and Manage