Construction Planning, Programming and Control

Brian Cooke MSc MCIOB is a former chartered civil engineer, quantity surveyor and principal lecturer in construction management. He has lectured widely on management and financial topics both in the UK and overseas. He is currently a visiting lecturer at the University of Salford. Peter Williams MSc is a former chartered builder, chartered quantity surveyor and principal lecturer. He is currently a writer, researcher, lecturer and consultant with particular interests in contracts and finance, delay analysis and health and safety management.

Preface xi Introduction 1 The construction industry 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Industry structure 3 1.3 Industry culture 4 1.4 Construction industry reports 5 1.5 The Latham reports 5 1.6 The Egan reports 8 1.7 The National Audit Office Report 10 2 Construction contracts 12 2.1 Contracts and planning 12 2.2 Contracts in use 13 2.3 The Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 13 2.4 JCT Contracts 15 2.5 ICE Conditions 19 2.6 The Engineering and Construction Contract (NEC) 20 2.7 ACA Standard Form of Contract for Project Partnering PPC 2000 21 3 Procurement methods 23 3.1 Procurement criteria 23 3.2 The design process 24 3.3 Procurement options 26 3.4 Traditional procurement 26 3.5 Design and build 31 3.6 Management contracting 35 3.7 Construction management 36 3.8 The role of the project manager 39 3.9 Private finance initiative 40 3.10 Framework contracting 42 3.11 Prime contracting 44 3.12 Partnering 44 Part A Planning 4 Management and organisation 53 4.1 Management principles 53 4.2 Leadership styles 55 4.3 Project teams 56 4.4 Team building 57 4.5 The size of construction firms 58 4.6 The characteristics of firms 58 4.7 The small firm 59 4.8 The medium-sized firm 61 4.9 A business unit approach in a medium-large firm 64 4.10 The large firm 64 5 Tendering procedures 72 5.1 Introduction 72 5.2 Competitive tendering 72 5.3 Establishing contract leads 73 5.4 Tender pre-qualification 75 5.5 The tendering process 77 5.6 Procedures for a traditional competitive tender 78 5.7 Procedures for a design and build tender 80 5.8 Traditional competitive tendering 83 5.9 Decision to tender 83 5.10 Pre-tender arrangements 86 5.11 The site visit report 89 5.12 Tender enquiries to subcontractors and suppliers 91 5.13 Build-up of the estimate 92 5.14 Pre-tender method statement 94 5.15 Preparation of pre-tender programme 95 5.16 Build-up of contract preliminaries 96 5.17 Management adjudication of the estimate 98 5.18 Analysis of tender performance 101 6 Managing the supply chain 103 6.1 Supply chain integration 103 6.2 Lean construction 104 6.3 Fast-track construction 105 6.4 Subcontractors 106 6.5 Types of subcontractor - traditional procurement 106 6.6 Types of subcontractor - management procurement 108 6.7 Work package procurement 108 6.8 Forms of subcontract 113 6.9 Construction Industry Scheme 114 7 Managing risk 116 7.1 Risk in construction 116 7.2 The Turnbull Report 117 7.3 Project risk 117 7.4 Risk management 118 7.5 Risk assessment 119 7.6 Client risk 121 7.7 Contractor risk 123 7.8 Tendering risk 126 7.9 Health and safety risk 127 7.10 Fire risk 128 8 The planning process 130 8.1 Introduction 130 8.2 Lead times 131 8.3 Work breakdown structure 133 8.4 Planning stages 133 8.5 Project planning 135 8.6 Pre-tender planning 137 8.7 Pre-contract planning 137 8.8 Contract planning 138 8.9 Planning a project 139 9 Programming techniques 143 9.1 Introduction 143 9.2 Bar charts and linked bar charts 143 9.3 Network analysis 147 9.4 Relationships between arrow diagrams, precedence diagrams and linked bar charts 150 9.5 Arrow diagrams 151 9.6 Precedence diagrams 157 9.7 Line of balance (elemental trend analysis) 165 9.8 Time-chainage diagrams 181 9.9 Accelerating the project 186 Part B Programming 10 Developing construction sequences 199 10.1 The thought process 199 10.2 Programme considerations 201 10.3 Resource considerations 205 10.4 Achieving continuity of work 205 10.5 Sequence studies 208 11 Method statements 219 11.1 Introduction 219 11.2 Definition 219 11.3 Preparation of method s